Arduino Uno Tutorial [Pinout]
In this tutorial you learn everything you have to know about the Arduino Uno:
- Technical datasheet
- What is the pinout of the Uno?
- What is the best power supply for this microcontroller?
- How to reduce the Arduino Uno power consumption?
- Advantages and Disadvantages of the Arduino Uno.
- Compare the Uno to other Arduino and ESP8266 based microcontroller.
Table of Contents
Arduino Uno Datasheet
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board, based on the ATmega328P (for Arduino UNO R3) or ATmega4809 (for Arduino UNO WIFI R2) microcontroller by Atmel and was the first USB powered board of Arduino. The Atmega328 and ATmega4809 comes with built-in bootloader, which makes it very easy to flash the board with your code. Like all Arduino boards, you can program the software running on the board using a language derived from C and C++. The easiest development environment is the Arduino IDE.
The following table contains the datasheet of the microcontroller board:
| Board | Arduino UNO R3 |
|---|---|
| Microcontroller | ATmega328p |
| Processor | AVR 8-bit |
| Operating Voltage | 5V |
| Minimum Operating Voltage | 2.7V |
| Maximum Operating Voltage | 6V |
| Arduino IDE Board | Arduino/Genuino Uno |
| Power Supply via VIN,VCC | 7V...12V |
| Digital I/O Pins (with PWM) | 14 (6) |
| Analog Input Pins | 6 |
| Resolution ADC | 10 bit (0...1023) |
| Analog Output Pins | 0 |
| SPI/I2C/I2S/UART | 1/1/0/1 |
| Max DC Current per I/O Pin | 20 mA |
| Max DC Current per 3V Pin | 50 mA |
| Flash Memory | 32 KB |
| SRAM | 2 KB |
| EEPROM | 1024 bytes |
| Clock Speed | 16 MHz |
| Length x Width | 69mm x 53mm |
| Fits on standard breadboard | no |
| WIFI | no |
| Bluetooth | no |
| Touch sensor | no |
| CAN | no |
| Ethernet MAC Interface | no |
| Temperature Sensor | no |
| Hall effect sensor | no |
| Power jack | yes |
| USB connection | yes |
| Battery Connection | no |
| Programmable | Arduino IDE |
| 5V Voltage Regulator | NCP1117ST50T3G |
| Output Voltage | 5V |
| Maximum Input Voltage | 20V |
| Minimum Input Voltage | 6.5V |
| Maximum Output Current | 1A |
| Maximum Voltage Dropout | 1.2V @ 800mA |
| Typical Quiescent Current | 6mA |
| 3.3V Voltage Regulator | LP2985-33DBVR |
| Output Voltage | 3.3V |
| Maximum Input Voltage | 16V |
| Minimum Input Voltage | 3.9V |
| Maximum Output Current | 150mA |
| Maximum Voltage Dropout | 350mV @ 150mA |
| Typical Quiescent Current | 1.5mA |
| Power Consumption @ 9V | |
| Reference Empty Script [mA] | 98.43 |
| Reduce Clock Speed [mA] | 42.76 |
| Low Power Mode [mA] | 27.85 |
| Power Consumption @ 3.3V | |
| Reduce Clock Speed [mA] | 11.55 |
| Low Power Mode [mA] | 11.45 |
Do you want to compare the datasheet of different microcontroller boards like Arduino Mega, Arduino Nano, ESP8266 Node MCU and WeMos D1 Mini? Follow this Link for the comparison.
If you do not already have an Arduino Uno, you can buy one from the following links. I get commissions for purchases made through links in this table.
| Component | Amazon Link | AliExpress Link |
|---|---|---|
| Arduino Uno | Amazon | AliExpress |
Arduino Uno Pinout
The Arduino Uno has a lot of different pins and therefore we want to go over the different kinds of pins.
The Uno has in total three power pins of which one has a supply voltage of 3.3V and two pins provide 5V. All power pins have a maximum current of 50 mA. You can use the VIN pin to power the whole microcontroller with a voltage between 7V-12V, also perfect for a battery. Of cause if you have power pins you also need some ground pins to close the electric circuit. The Arduino Uno has in total three ground pins which are all connected internally.
To connect analog sensors like a temperature sensor, the Arduino has six analog pins. Internally the analog signal is converted into an digital signal with a 10-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Therefore analog voltages are represented by 1024 digital levels (0-1023). You can also use an analog pin to write analog signals with the function digitalWrite(Ax) where Ax is the analog pin, for example A3.
The Arduino Uno has in total 14 digital pins which provide a maximum current of 20 mA. Six of the 14 digital I/O pins are able to produce a PWM signal.
If you want to communicate between multiple devices you need communication pins which are also provided by the Arduino. The microcontroller has for each communication protocol (I2C, SPI, UART) one group of pins.
Arduino Uno Power Supply
The Arduino Uno Power Supply depends on the electrical components that are on the PCB. The following picture gives an overview about all relevant components to get an overview of the different voltage levels on the Arduino and also the maximum currents.
The main component of the Arduino Uno is the microprocessor ATmega328p. The following table shows the minimum, operation and maximum voltage.
| Microcontroller | Minimum Voltage | Typical Voltage | Maximum Voltage |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATmega328p | 2.7V | 5V | 6V |
Because the operation voltages is 5V, there are two build in voltage regulators that provide a stable 5V and 3.3V output voltage.
Microcontroller Datasheet eBook
The 35 pages Microcontroller Datasheet Playbook contains the most useful information of 14 Arduino, ESP8266 and ESP32 microcontroller boards.
Arduino Uno Voltage Regulators
The following table shows the important technical details of the voltage regulators regarding the power supply.
| Voltage Regulator | Output Voltage | Maximum Input Voltage | Maximum Output Current |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCP1117ST50T3G | 5V | 20V | 800mA |
| LP2985-33DBVR | 3.3V | 16V | 150mA |
The NCP1117ST50T3G is connected to the VIN pin and the DC power jack. Technically the maximum input voltage is 20V but because at 20V the voltage regulator is producing a lot of heat and would break after a short time period, it is recommended to supply an input voltage between 7V and 12V. The NCP1117 provides a stable output voltage of 5V and a maximum current of 800mA for the ATmega328p.
The ATmega328p can also be powered via the USB connection, that I use a lot in my projects. There is no need for a voltage regulator because the USB connection is already regulated by the USB output from your PC or laptop. The maximum current draw from the USB connection is 500mA.
The second voltage regulator, 3.3V LP2985, has an input voltage of 5V and reduces the voltage to 3.3V for the 3.3V pin of the Uno. Regarding the data sheet of the LP2985, the maximum current is 150mA but on the official Arduino website, the maximum current should be 50mA. I never needed more than 50mA on the 3.3V pin, but in my opinion, a current draw of around 100mA should be possible.
The 5V pin of the Arduino Uno is directly connected to the 5V voltage regulator and supports a maximum current that is defined by the difference of the current provided by the voltage regulator and the current from the ATmega328p.
Maximum Current for I/O Pins
Each I/O pin supports a maximum current of 40mA but it is not possible to draw 40mA current over each pin because the maximum allowed current load of the port registers must be considered.
The digital and analog pins of the ATmega328p are connected to different port registers and each port register supports a maximum allowed current that depends on if the register is used as source or as sink. The following table shows which pin is assigned to which port register and also the maximum current.
Pins | D0…D4 | D5…D7 | D8…D13 | A |
Port Register | D0…D4 | D5…D7 | B0…B5 | C0…C5 |
Max Current Source 150mA | ||||
Max Current Sink 100mA |
There are in total 3 port registers: D, B, C. All digital pins D0…D13 are assigned to register D and B. For the maximum current, port register D is separated. All analog pins belong to the port register C.
The maximum current, if the pins are a current source, is 150mA. The sum of all pins in the colored port register should not exceed 150mA:
- Current source of port register D0…D4 + C0…C5 < 150mA
- Current source of port register D5…D7 + B0…B5 < 150mA
If the I/O pin is a current sink, the maximum current is 100mA and divided into three groups:
- Current sink of port register D0…D4 < 100mA
- Current sink of port register D5…D7 + B0…B5 < 100mA
- Current sink of port register C0…C4 < 100mA
How to Power Arduino Uno: 3 Possibilities
You can power your Arduino Uno in 3 save ways because a voltage regulator provides a regulated and stable voltage for the microprocessor:
- USB cable: The most popular and also the easiest way to power the microcontroller is via USB cable. The standard USB connection delivers 5V and allows you to draw 500mA in total.
- DC Power Jack: It is possible to use the DC power Jack as power supply. If you buy a DC power jack, make sure the power adapter of the plug supplies a voltage between 7V and 12V.
- VIN Pin: If you use an external power supply like a battery, you can use the VIN pin. The voltage has to be between 7V and 12V. Therefore you are able to power the Uno with an external 9 Volt battery.
You cannot power the board with the barrel jack and VIN GPIO at the same time, because there is a polarity protection diode, connecting between the positive of the barrel jack to the VIN pin, rated at 1A.
You can also power power the Arduino microcontroller from the 5V pin. This is not recommended because you bypass the NCP1117 voltage regulator and have to make sure that the voltage level is stable.
It is not possible to power the Arduino Uno via the 3.3V pin because the voltage regulator prevent a current flow in the opposite direction.
Arduino Uno Power Consumption
The power consumption of the Arduino Uno is obviously dependent on the connected electrical devices and the task that is performed. But when we are interested in the power consumption, most of the times we want to know how to reduce the Arduino Uno power consumption.
The following picture show the power consumption of the Arduino Uno in different setups.
The Arduino Uno has the highest 9V reference power consumption of all Arduino boards that I measured:
- Arduino Mega R3: 73.19mA
- Arduino Nano3 : 22.05mA
- Arduino Pro Mini 5V: 14.62mA
But you can reduce the Arduino Uno power consumption by reducing the clock speed to 8 MHz to 42.76mA and if you then also reduce the power supply to 3.3V, your power consumption is 11.55mA. That is a reduction of around 88%.
Another option to reduce the current drain is to use the Low-Power library from rocketscream. With a 9V power supply, the current consumption is reduced to 27.85mA and you achieve the lowest power consumption for the Arduino Uno of 11.45mA with a 3.3V power supply and the use of the low power mode.
The following example scripts sets Arduino Uno in the deep-sleep mode for 8 seconds with the use of the low power library. I also wrote a step by step tutorial, how to reduce the Arduino power consumption where you also see how to reduce the clock speed.
#include "LowPower.h"
void setup()
{
// No setup is required for this library
}
void loop()
{
// Do something here
// Example: Read sensor, data logging, data transmission.
// Enter power down state for 8 s with ADC and BOD module disabled
LowPower.powerDown(SLEEP_8S, ADC_OFF, BOD_OFF);
} You find a full comparison about the power consumption in different power modes of several Arduino, ESP8266 and ESP32 microcontroller boards in my Microcontroller Datasheet eBook.
Arduino Uno Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
- The ability to use a Power Jack as a power supply
- 6 analog input pins are for the most projects more than enough. The 1 analog input from the EPS8266 are for some projects too few.
Disadvantages
- For the Uno R3 there is no build in WiFi. Because most of my projects are related to the IoT sector I use WiFi in almost all my projects.
- The Uno does not have a deep sleep mode in comparison to the ESP8266.
Conclusion
The Arduino Uno is the standard Arduino board which is a good board for starters. The only real drawback is the missing WiFi. So make sure if your project already uses a WiFi connection or you would like to have this feature to upgrade your project in the future that you buy the Uno version with WiFi included. What are your thoughts on the Uno? Do you use this board and what were the reasons why you bought it? Use the comment section below for your answers.
Pin count is low to my opinion. If you want to add multiple (digital) sensors and a TFT and some other connections, it seems low given the amount of pins larger displays demand.
Hi Arjan,
of course the number of digital pins are limited. But also you can save some pins if you connect the TFT display via I2C (2 pins) and use a shift register to increase the number of digital inputs or outputs: https://diyi0t.com/shift-register-tutorial-for-arduino-and-esp8266/
am I wrong or I2C pins are swapped in your image ?
Hi,
yes you are right, my mistake. I updated the picture of the pinout so that the I2C pins are correct.